ABSTRACT
Background:The present study was conducted to elucidate the genes and its associated pathways delineating the growth-promoting potential of polyherbal formulation (PHF), Kolin PlusTMusing microarray in Cobb 430 broiler chickens. Methods:Microarray was performed forfour groups, namely, normal diet (ND) as G1, choline chloride deficient (CCD) diet as G2, choline chloride (CCL, 400 g/ton) as G3 and PHF (400 g/ton) as G4. Breast muscle samples were collected, and the growth-related gene expression profile was measured using the Agilent microarray platform.Results:Totally 2900 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in muscle tissue sample was revealed using hierarchical clustering based on the similarity of their expression profiles, which further allows the user to pick out groups of similar genes. Among them, 1000, 364 and 481 genes were significantly upregulated and 244, 485 and 326 genes were significantly downregulated between ND and CCD, CCL and CCD, PHF and CCD respectively. Furthermore, some of the focused genes (CSRP3, SOX10, BCO1, CALB1, LMOD2, KLF15, CTHRC1, PHGDH, UTS2R, and ANKRD2) were significantly (p<0.05) modulated by PHF (400 g/ton) supplementation in birds fed with CCD diet. These genes play an essential role in protein translation, energy metabolism, and muscle growth promotion.Conclusions:It may be concluded that supplementation of PHF at 400 g/ton of feed could positively influence the certain focused genes associated with muscle growth promotion, which favoursthe productive phenotypic response in broiler chickens fed with CCD diet
ABSTRACT
A protocol for high frequency production of somatic embryos was worked out in pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. The protocol involved sequential employment of embryogenic callus cultures, low density cell suspension cultures and a novel microdroplet cell culture system. The microdroplet cell cultures involved culture of a single cell in 10 µl of Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with phytohormones, growth factors and phospholipid precursors. By employing the microdroplet cell cultures, single cells in isolation were grown into cell clones which developed somatic embryos. Further, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, kinetin, polyethylene glycol, putrescine, spermine, spermidine, choline chloride, ethanolamine and LiCl were supplemented to the low density cell suspension cultures and microdroplet cell cultures to screen for their cell division and somatic embryogenesis activity. Incubation of callus or the inoculum employed for low density cell suspension cultures and microdroplet cell cultures with polyethylene glycol was found critical for induction of somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis at a frequency of 1.19, 3.16 and 6.51 per 106 cells was achieved in the callus, low density cell suspension cultures and microdroplet cell cultures, respectively. Advantages of employing microdroplet cell cultures for high frequency production of somatic embryos and its application in genetic transformation protocols are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the effects of choline chloride on activities of myosin adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) of muscle fibres and muscle atrophy in tail-suspended rats. Method Twenty-four adult female Sprague-dawley rats were averagely divided into 3 groups matched for body mass:control group(CON),tail suspension group(TS) and tail suspension group associated with choline chloride(TS+Cch).Weightlessness was simulated by 14 d tail suspension of rats;gastric lavage with choline chloride was given to 1/2 of the rats during tail suspension (15 mg/kg body weight.i.g.).Activities of myosin adenosine triphosphatase (mATpase) of intrafusal and extrafusal fibres in soleus (SOL) muscle were determined by Ca 2+-ATPase method.Paraffin sections of the soleus muscle were prepared by routine histochemistry method. Result After tail suspension for 14 d it was found: 1) percentage of type Ⅱ fibre in SOL of rats treated with choline chloride decreased distinctly as compared with that in the untreated rats (P